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== Fauna ==
=== Species The best fauna most visible to tourists ===
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="0">
<td>Tangarirana</td>
<td>Terrestrial chameleon</td>
<td>Brookesia Valley (between the Camp Mantella and Camp and Marojejya Camp)</td>
<td>From November to March</td></tr>
<td>Bokombolo</td>
<td>Diurnal (day active) lemur</td>
<td>Near the Camp Mantella Camp</td>
<td>In the morning and afternoon</td></tr>
<td>Radaka</td>
<td>Green-backed frog</td>
<td>Camp Mantella Camp</td>
<td>All year round</td></tr></table>
=== Mammals ===
** 14 Lipotyphla and 11 Rodentia
** with one rodent endemic to the massif: ''Voalavo gymnocaudus''
=== Lemurs ===
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Propithecus diadema candidus''</td>
<td>Silky sifaka</td>
<td>Simpona malandy</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Eulemur fulvus albifrons''</td>
<td>White-fronted brown lemur</td>
<td>Komba</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Eulemur fulvus rubriventer''</td>
<td>Red-bellied lemur</td>
<td>Barimaso</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Hapalemur griseus occidentalis''</td>
<td>Western grey bamboo lemur</td>
<td>Bokombolo</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Avahi laniger laniger''</td>
<td>[[Eastern woolly lemur]]</td>
<td>Fotsife </td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Lepilemur mustellinus''</td>
<td>[[Weasel sportive lemur]]</td>
<td>Fitsidika </td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Cheirogaleus major''</td>
<td>[[Greater dwarf lemur]]</td>
<td>Tsitsihy</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Allocebus trichotis''</td>
<td>[[Hairy-eared dwarf lemur]]</td>
<td>Antsangy</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Daubentonia madagascariensis''</td>
<td>[[Aye-aye]]</td>
<td>HaiHay</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Microcebus rufus''</td>
<td>Brown mouse lemur</td>
<td>Tsitsy </td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Phaner furcifer''</td>
<td>[[Masoala fork-crowned lemur]]</td>
<td>Tantana</td></tr></table> The ''Eulemur fulvus albifrons'' - White-fronted brown lemur is endemic to Marojejy and Anjanaharibe
=== Carnivores= ===
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="0">
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Cryptoprocta ferox''</td>
<td>[[Fossa]]</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Galidia elegans''</td>
<td>Ring-tailed mongoose</td>
<td>Vontsira</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Fossa fossana''</td>
<td>Malagasy civet</td>
<td>Jabady</td></tr></table>
=== Birds ===
In 2010, an inventory of Marojejy National Park's birdlife counted 118 species of birds. An overview of some of these species:
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="0">
<tr bgcolor="#dccbb3" valign="top"><td>Scientific name</td>
<td>English name</td>
<td>Malagasy name</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Eutriorchis astur''</td>
<td>Madagascar serpent eagle</td>
<td>Firasabe</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Mesitornis unicolor''</td>
<td>Brown mesite</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Brachypteracias leptosomus''</td>
<td>Short-legged ground-roller</td>
<td>Fangadiovy / Fandikalalana / Famakiakora</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Geobiastes squamiger''</td>
<td>Scaly ground-roller</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Phyllastrephus tenebrosus''</td>
<td>Dusky greenbul</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Treron australis''</td>
<td>Madagascar green pigeon</td>
<td>Voron'adabo</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Alectronenas madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar blue pigeon</td>
<td>Finengono</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Streptopelia picturata''</td>
<td>Madagascar turtle-dove</td>
<td>Domohina</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Coracopsis vasa''</td>
<td>Greater vasa parrot</td>
<td>Boeza be</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Coracopsis nigra''</td>
<td>Lesser vasa parrot</td>
<td>Boeza kely</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Centropus toulou''</td>
<td>Madagascar coucal</td>
<td>Toloho na monjo</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Cuculus rochii''</td>
<td>Madagascar lesser cuckoo</td>
<td>Kônko na Taontaonkafa</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Coua coquereli''</td>
<td>Coquerel's coua</td>
<td>Gory, Fandikalalana</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Coua cristata''</td>
<td>Crested coua</td>
<td>Tivoka</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Coua caerulea''</td>
<td>Blue coua</td>
<td>Mariaha</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Asio capensis''</td>
<td>Marsh owl</td>
<td>Vorondolo</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Otus rutilus''</td>
<td>Madagascar scops-owl</td>
<td>Torotoroka</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Asio madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar long-eared owl</td>
<td>Hankagna</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Caprimulgus madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar nightjar</td>
<td>Tataro</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Caprimulgus enarratus''</td>
<td>Collared nightjar</td>
<td>Tataroala (fotsifotsy vozona)</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Corythornis vintsioides''</td>
<td>Madagascar kingfisher</td>
<td>Vintsy</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Ispidina madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar pygmy-kingfisher</td>
<td>Vintsiala (mena)</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Merops superciliosus''</td>
<td>Olive bee-eater</td>
<td>Tsikorinkorehina</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Eurystomus glaucurus''</td>
<td>Broad-billed roller</td>
<td>Tsararako (vorombaratra)</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Leptosomus discolor''</td>
<td>Cuckoo-roller</td>
<td>Kirombo</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Neodrepanis coruscans''</td>
<td>Sunbird asity</td>
<td>Soinala</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Neodrepanis hypoxantha''</td>
<td>Yellow-bellied sunbird-asity</td>
<td>Soinala</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Mirafra hova''</td>
<td>Madagascar bush lark</td>
<td>Soretry</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Motacilla flaviventris''</td>
<td>Madagascar wagtail</td>
<td>Kitriotrio</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Phyllastrephus madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Long-billed greenbul</td>
<td>Tretreky</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Zosterops maderaspatanus''</td>
<td>[[Malagasy white-eye]]</td>
<td>Sabiro</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Hypsipetes madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar (black) bulbul</td>
<td>Tsokoreva</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Copsychus albospecularis''</td>
<td>[[Madagascar magpie-robin]]</td>
<td>Todiana</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Saxicola torquata''</td>
<td>Stonechat</td>
<td>Kialobanda</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Nesillas typica''</td>
<td>Madagascar brush-warbler</td>
<td>Boretika</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Newtonia fanovanae''</td>
<td>Red-tailed newtonia</td>
<td>Mitovy sabiro nefa menamena</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Terpsiphone mutata''</td>
<td>Madagascar paradise-flycatcher</td>
<td>Soketry</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Nectarinia souimanga''</td>
<td>Souimanga sunbird</td>
<td>Soy</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Nectarinia notata''</td>
<td>Long-billed green sunbird</td>
<td>Soimanga</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Euryceros prevostii''</td>
<td>Helmet vanga</td>
<td>Siketribe</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Euryceros prevostii''</td>
<td>Helmet vanga</td>
<td>Siketribe</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Xenopirostris polleni''</td>
<td>Pollen's vanga</td>
<td>Vangamaintiloha</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Falculea palliata''</td>
<td>Sickle-billed vanga</td>
<td>Voronjaza (lava sogny)</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Leptopterus viridis''</td>
<td>White-headed vanga</td>
<td>Vanga</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Dicrurus forficatus''</td>
<td>Crested drongo</td>
<td>Railovy na Lehidraonga</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Corvus albus''</td>
<td>Pied crow</td>
<td>Goaka</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Ploceus nelicourvi''</td>
<td>Nelicourvi weaver</td>
<td>Fodisaina misy maitso</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Ploceus sakalava''</td>
<td>Sakalava weaver</td>
<td>Fody fondrana mena maso</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Foudia madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar red fody</td>
<td>Fodimena</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Foudia omissa''</td>
<td>Forest fody</td>
<td>Fodiala</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Lonchura nana''</td>
<td>Madagascar mannikin</td>
<td>Tsangoritry</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Bubulcus ibis''</td>
<td>Cattle egret</td>
<td>Kilandy</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Lophotibis cristata''</td>
<td>Madagascar crested ibis</td>
<td>Lampirana</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Accipiter madagascariensis''</td>
<td>Madagascar sparrowhawk</td>
<td>Firasa</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Falco newtoni''</td>
<td>[[Madagascar kestrel]]</td>
<td>Hitsikitsika</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Numida meleagris''</td>
<td>Helmeted guineafowl</td>
<td>Akanga</td></tr></table>
The [[Helmet vanga]] is endemic to Madagascar and can be found in the northeast and central east.
=== Reptiles and Amphibians ===
Marojejy, with a 148 inventoried species and 16 species that can only be found in the massif, is a recognised endemism centre for reptiles and amphibians. As a true reservoir of species, it contains 33% of the reptiles and amphibians known in Madagascar.
An overview of identified amphibians of Marojejy:
* ''Boophis sp 1''
* ''Boophis sp 2''
* ''Mantidactylus sp''
* ''Mantella manery'' - Marojejy mantella
An overview of identified reptiles of Marojejy:
* ''Stumpfia sp''
* ''Brookesia karchei'' - Naturelle leaf chameleon
* ''Callumna cf brevicornis''
* ''Callumna cf gastrotaenia''
* ''Callumna cf guillaumeti''
* ''Callumna peyrierasia''
* ''Geodipsas sp1'' - snake
* ''Geodipsas sp 2'' - snake
* ''Liopholidophis sp'' - snake
* ''Pseudoacontias angelorum'' - skink
* ''Typhlops sp'' - blind snake
* ''Uuroplatus sp '' - leaf-tail gecko or flat-tailed gecko
== Flora ==
=== The best flora most visible to tourists ===
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="0">
<tr bgcolor="#dccbb3" valign="top"><td>Scientific name</td>
<td>English name</td>
<td>Malagasy name</td>
<td>Description</td>
<td>Where to find</td>
<td>When to find</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Cyathea''</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Fanjagna </td>
<td>Tree fern</td>
<td>Mantella Circuit, Simpona Circuit, summit</td>
<td>All year round</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Marojejya Darianii''</td>
<td>Big-leaf palm</td>
<td>Ravimbe</td>
<td>Species of flowering palm tree</td>
<td>Marojejya Circuit, Simpona Circuit</td>
<td>All year round</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Marojejya insignis''</td>
<td></td>
<td>Menamoso</td>
<td>Species of palm tree</td>
<td>Marojejya Circuit, Simpona Circuit</td>
<td>All year round</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Takhtajania perrieri''</td>
<td></td>
<td>Takthajania</td>
<td>An old fossil discovered by scientists dates back to the times of dinosaurs 120 million years ago</td>
<td>Takhtajania Circuit at 1,100m altitude 1km from the Camp Marojejya</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Ficus negapoda''</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mandresy</td>
<td>Triangular plant, parasitic plant</td>
<td></td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Dalbergia louvelii''</td>
<td>Violet rosewood</td>
<td>Andramena</td>
<td>Precious wood</td>
<td>Mantella Circuit, Simpona Circuit</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eadece" valign="top"><td>''Dalbergia baronii''</td>
<td>Madagascar rosewood</td>
<td>Hazovola mainty</td>
<td>Precious wood</td>
<td>Mantella Circuit, Simpona Circuit</td>
<td></td></tr></table>
On the floristic level,
* 305 species of Pteridophytes, including 6 endemic species have been recorded on the Marojejy massif. This puts the park at the forefront of Malagasy protected areas for its specific richness in Pteridophytes. Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce and disperse via spores.
* over 50 palm species were inventoried. They are particularly abundant in lowland forests but remain present to the top. In terms of endemicity, Marojejy has:
* Palms
** ''Dypsis marojejyi'' - Madagascar foxtail palm
** ''Dypsis spicata''
** ''Dypsis cookei''
** ''Dypsis lokohensis''
** ''Dypsis mirabilis''
** ''Dypsis coursii''
* Ferns
** ''Asplenium cf irregulare''
** ''Cheilanthes sp''
** ''Cyathea alticola''
** ''Diplazium sp''
** ''Lindsaea sp''
** ''Blechnum longepettiolatum''
== Vegetation and habitat ==
The vegetation of Marojejy National Park consists mainly of a dense humid forest, which covers 92% of the park's surface area. Low-lying forests are present and account for nearly 34% of the massif. At altitudes lower than 800m, the height of the canopy reaches 25m to 30m and goes down to 2m to 4m higher up the montane region.
In terms of habitat, Marojejy consists of:
* Low altitude rainforest (below 800m)
* Low altitude secondary forest (below 800m)
* Montane forest (800-1450 m)
* High altitude rainforest(1400-1800m)
* Moorland mountain thicket vegetation (1800m +)
== Tickets, guides and entrance fees ==
Madagascar National Parks has a central office in Andapa, where you can inform yourself about the Marojejy National Park.
Furthermore, a local office of the park is located in Manantenina where you will find all the information to organise your stay, in particular about the circuits (tours), guides and possible accommodations.
In Manantenina you will also pay the admission fee for visiting the park, which depends on how many days will be spent in the park. Foreign adult tourists pay 45,000 Ariary and foreign children 25,000 Ariary for 1 day (price 2015). Guides are obligatory. The fee for a guide depends on the chosen tour (circuit). 12 French and English speaking guides are at your disposal. They all received training on guidance techniques, interpretation of biodiversity and in first aid. For the various tours, there are also porters available.
== Circuits (Tours) ==
=== Mantella Circuit ===
Medium circuit, 4.3km, 2 - 3 hours trek from the park entrance to Camp Mantella. Circuit in the forest along a maintained stone path with an elevation from 250m to 450m. Steep slope.
'''What to see?'''<br>
Discover the lowland primary forests. You will have the opportunity to encounter reptiles and amphibians (such as the frog ''Mantella laevigata'', tree frogs and Madagascar tree boa), species of lemurs (such as bamboo lemur, White-fronted brown lemur) and species of birds (such as the Blue coua and Helmet vanga).
Along the circuit you take a break at a natural swimming pool with a waterfall. A 30-minute walk from Camp Mantella takes you to the beautiful Humbert waterfall (Cascade de Humbert), named in honour of professor Humbert - a respected botanist of the National Museum of Natural Historiy in Paris who discovered Marojejy in 1948.
'''Camp Mantella'''<br>
The camp is located at an altitude of 450m and offers six bungalows equipped with bunk beds, mattresses, pillows and linen. At the camp there is also a sheltered eating area with fireplaces and cooking utensils.
'''Prices 2015'''<br>
Bed: 10,000 Ariary/night, tent: 4,000 Ariary/night.<br>
Use of kitchen (charcoal oven and cooking utensils included): Up to 6 persons 8,000 Ariary, 6 - 10 persons 10,000 Ariary, more than 10 persons 20,000 Ariary.<br>
Guide with meals: 30,000 Ariary, guide with meals at the expense of the client: 25,000 Ariary, porter: between 6,000 and 8,000 Ariary.
=== Black Swimming Pool Circuit ===
Easy circuit, 600m, 30-minute trek from the park entrance to Camp Mantella. 100m to 600m altitude.
'''What to see?'''<br>
This circuit is ideal for day visitors who want to spend some hours in the forest including a picnic. The path takes you through lowland forest to a waterfall with a black pool where fish can not pass. The name of this pool is Tsiapiagna.
Throughout this trek you may spot birds such as the Blue coua and Helmet vanga and the White-fronted brown lemur.
'''Prices 2015'''<br>
Guide: 21,000 Ariary, porter: 8,000 Ariary.
=== Simpona Circuit ===
Medium to difficult circuit, 2km, 1 to 2 hours trek from Camp Mantella to Camp Marojejya. Circuit along a maintained stone path with an elvation from 450m to 775m in altitude. Watch out for slippery stones.
'''What to see?'''<br>
This circuit is the link between Camp Mantella and Camp Marojejya. Along the route, passing through lowland forest, you can find the terrestrial chameleon ''Brookesia Karchei'' and species of endemic palms, such as ''Marojejya insignis''. You may also have the chance to spot the Silky sifaka with its shiny white fur. The Silky sifaka is endemit ot the park. The name of this circuit comes from the Malagasy name for this lemur species: "Simpona".
At Camp Marojejya you will have the opportunity to admire the border between the lowland forest and the high altitude forest. From the camp you have beautiful views of the granitic cliffs and mountains covered with the intense green of the forests.
'''Camp Marojejya'''<br>
The camp has a sheltered eating area and 4 bungalows equipped with bedding and kitchen utensils.
'''Prices 2015'''<br>
Bed: 10,000 Ariary/night, tent: 4,000 Ariary/night.<br>
Use of kitchen (charcoal oven and cooking utensils included): Up to 6 persons 8,000 Ariary, 6 - 10 persons 10,000 Ariary, more than 10 persons 20,000 Ariary.<br>
Guide with meals: 30,000 Ariary, guide with meals at the expense of the client: 25,000 Ariary, porter: 7,000 Ariary.
=== Summit Circuit ===
Adventurous and sporty circuit, 4km, 6 to 7h hours trek from Camp Marojejya to the summit. 2.1km from Camp Marojejya there is an intermediate basecamp at 1250m altitude: Camp Simpona. Ascent from 775m to 2132m in altitude. This circuit is characterised by granite rocks. Throughout the circuit you will pass a slippery slope.
'''What to see?'''<br>
The trek to the peak of the massif begins at Camp Marojejya. You will cross the rainforest at high altitude, maybe even walk through clouds, until reaching an open landscape of thicket from where you can overlook the whole region. From this particularly unique location you can gaze thousands of square kilometres and even see the Indian Ocean on a clear day.
In the mid-altitude forest about 1km from Camp Marojejya an old fossil of the famous ''Takhtajania perrieri'' was discovered, a plant dating back to the times of dinosaurs 120 million years ago.
'''Camp Simpona'''<br>
Camp Simpona is located at an altitude of 1250m and is completely isolated in a wild nature. The camp has a sheltered eating area two well equipped bungalows.
'''Prices 2015'''<br>
Bed: 10,000 Ariary/night.<br>
Use of kitchen (charcoal oven and cooking utensils included): Up to 6 persons 8,000 Ariary, 6 - 10 persons 10,000 Ariary, more than 10 persons 20,000 Ariary.<br>
Guide with meals: 30,000 Ariary, guide with meals at the expense of the client: 25,000 Ariary, porter: 5,000 Ariary.
== Cultural highlights in the region ==
* Festival Tsakaraka in [[Vohemar]] with cultural and artistic activities taking place usually in August or September.
== Tourist attractions in the region ==
* Ampandrozonana beach in Sambava - 2km south from the SAVA region headquarter.
* [[Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve]] - 20km from the town of Andapa. In the reserve one can spot the ''Takhtajania'' plant and the [[Indri]], Madagascar's biggest lemur species. There is also a hot spring in the reserve.
* [[Antanetiambo]] - private tourist site 6km from Andapa.
* Andapa basin or "Andapa bowl" - rice-growing area of 13,000ha, 105km from Sambava.
== Habits and customs in the region ==
* ''Famadihana'' - "turning of the bones" (Western translation) or exhumation. On this occasion the family commemorates the life of the deceased. The body of the deceased is exhumed in order to be draped with a new shroud. Although it is a funeral ceremony there is nothing sad about it. It is rather a proof that the deceased has not been forgotten. The family organises a big party with traditional meals, music and dance. The famadihana usually takes place in the months from August to December.
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